Human Rights & Duties

Personal characteristics, grounds of discrimination protected in the BC Human Rights Code


The Human Rights Code forbids discrimination based only on certain personal characteristics. Sometimes these are called “protected characteristics” or “grounds of discrimination”.

The personal characteristics may be someone’s actual characteristic or they may be how they are seen.

For example: It is discrimination to evict a person because they are of First Nations ancestry or because the landlord believes they are of First Nations ancestry.

These are the characteristics protected in the Code.

Age

See video in American Sign Language about age discrimination.

Age means 19 years or more. It does not apply to purchase of property.

The Code allows some differential treatment based on age, such as seniority schemes, certain employment benefit plans, and insurance premiums or benefits. Distinctions based on age are not discrimination if permitted or required by legislation or regulation. The Code also allows residential buildings to be reserved for persons 55 and older.

Ancestry

Ancestry includes where a person’s family is from. Examples include Aboriginal, Cree, Bosnian, Filipino or Persian ancestry. See also “Race, colour, ancestry, and place of origin”.

Colour

Colour refers to a person’s colour. See also “Race, colour, ancestry, and place of origin”.

Criminal Conviction

Criminal conviction includes being charged with or convicted of an offence under the Criminal Code or another law. It is only protected in employment and membership in a union or occupational association. The Code does not prohibit discrimination if the criminal conviction is related to a person’s employment or intended employment.

Family Status

Family status includes being related to another person by blood, marriage or adoption. It includes family type (for example, a single parent family) and who is in your family. It does not apply to purchase of property. Examples of possible discrimination:

  • Not renting to a person because they have children
  • Denying a service because the shop owner dislikes the shopper’s father
  • Hiring a family member who is no more qualified than other applicants

Family status includes substantial family caregiving duties or obligations and significant interests in relation to family care giving. For example:

  • An employer changes a worker’s hours, which interferes with the worker’s ability to attend to their child’s medical needs.

Gender Expression

See video in American Sign Language about gender identity or expression.

Gender expression is about how a person presents their gender. It includes how a person acts and appears. It can include dress, hair, make-up, body language, and voice. How a person presents their gender may not reflect their gender identity.

Gender Identity

See video in American Sign Language about gender identity or expression.

Gender identity is a person’s sense of their gender, including man, woman, transgender or non-binary. For some people, gender identity is fixed. For others, it is fluid.

Gender Identity or Expression

See Gender Expression and Gender Identity. Gender identity or expression can also include a person’s name and pronoun, such as he, she or they.

Indigenous Identity

Indigenous identity means being First Nations, Métis, or Inuit. This definition comes from the Human Rights Code. Section 1 defines “Indigenous” as follows:

“Indigenous”, in relation to a person, means Indigenous within the meaning of “Indigenous peoples” as defined in the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act.

The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act says (in section 1(1)):

“Indigenous peoples” has the same meaning as aboriginal people in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 says (in section 35(2)):

In this Act, aboriginal peoples of Canada includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Marital Status

Marital status includes being married, single, widowed, divorced, separated or living common-law. It includes who your spouse is (for example, you are refused a service because of who your wife is).

Mental Disability

See video in American Sign Language about mental or physical disability.

Mental disability includes mental conditions that affect or are seen as affecting a person’s abilities.

For example, it is discrimination to fire an employee based on a concern that they are at risk of developing a disability that might affect their abilities.

Mental disability includes such conditions as a learning disorder, developmental disability, or illness such as depression or bipolar disorder.

Physical Disability

See video in American Sign Language about mental or physical disability.

Physical disability includes physical conditions that affect or are seen as affecting a person’s abilities.

For example, it is discrimination to fire an employee based on a concern that they are at risk of developing a disability that might affect their abilities.

Physical disability includes conditions that impair a person’s ability to carry out the normal functions of life. It includes addiction, amputation, asthma, acne, diabetes, cancer, epilepsy, high blood pressure, hypertension, obesity and impairments to mobility. It includes people who are Deaf, hard of hearing, or blind. It does not include short-lived conditions such as a cold.

Place of Origin

Place of origin includes the fact of being born in a particular country or group of countries or region of Canada or the world. See also “Race, ancestry, colour, and place of origin”.

Political Belief

Political belief includes support of a political party or group that advocates political change, and beliefs about the organization and governance of communities. It includes advocacy for a change to legislation. It is only protected in employment, employment advertisements, and membership in a union or occupational association.

Race

See video in American Sign Language about racial discrimination.

Race includes socio-cultural or ethnic groups such as First Nations, Métis, Chinese or South Asian. See also “Race, ancestry, colour, and place of origin”.

Race, ancestry, colour, and place of origin

See video in American Sign Language about racial discrimination.

Race, ancestry, colour and place of origin may be closely connected. Some or all of these grounds may be combined to define a person or group’s ethnic identity. These grounds do not have a precise definition but are meant to capture the negative perceptions that may be associated with them and result in discrimination.

For example, a group of Latin American workers may share characteristics relating to race, ancestry, colour and place of origin.

Religion

Religion includes adherence to the practices of a particular faith or genuinely held religious beliefs, and not having religious beliefs.

Sex

See video in American Sign Language about sex discrimination and sexual harassment.

Sex includes being female, male, intersex, Two Spirit, or transgender.

Sex also includes pregnancy, breast-feeding, and sexual harassment.

Sexual Orientation

See video in American Sign Language about sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation includes being heterosexual, gay, lesbian or bisexual.

Source of Income

Source of income refers to legal sources of income. It is only protected in the area of tenancy. For example, it includes when a person receives:

  • income assistance
  • disability pension benefits
  • rent subsidies